Substrate processing apparatus

ABSTRACT

A substrate processing apparatus including a transport chamber having an end and defining more than one substantially linear substrate transport zone where each transport zone extends longitudinally along the transport chamber between opposing walls of the transport chamber and at least one of the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zones is configured as a supply zone for enabling transport of substrates from the end and at least one of the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zones is configured as a return zone for enabling transport of substrates to the end, and at least one substrate transport located in and movably mounted to the transport chamber for transporting substrates along the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zone, where each substrate transport zone is configured to allow the at least one substrate transport to move from one transport zone to another transport zone.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/962,787, filed Oct. 9, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,988,398) which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/624,987, filed Jul. 22, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/397,895, filed Jul. 22, 2002, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1. Field

The embodiments and methods described herein relate to substrate processing apparatus and, more particularly, to substrate processing apparatus with chambers interconnected in a Cartesian arrangement.

2. Brief Description of Earlier Developments

One of the factors affecting consumer desire for new electronic devices naturally is the price of the device. Conversely, if the cost, and hence the price of new electronic devices can be lowered, it would appear that a beneficial effect would be achieved in consumer desires for new electronic devices. A significant portion of the manufacturing costs for electronic devices is the cost of producing the electronics which starts with the manufacturing and processing of semi-conductor substrates such as used in manufacturing electronic components, or panels used for making displays. The cost of processing substrates is affected in part by the cost of the processing apparatus, the cost of the facilities in which the processing apparatus are housed, and in large part by the throughput of the processing apparatus (which has significant impact on unit price). As can be immediately realized, the size of the processing apparatus itself impacts all of the aforementioned factors. However, it appears that conventional processing apparatus have reached a dead end with respect to size reduction. Moreover, conventional processing apparatus appear to have reached a limit with respect to increasing throughput per unit. For example, conventional processing apparatus may use a radial processing module arrangement. A schematic plan view of a conventional substrate processing apparatus is shown in FIG. 1. As can been seen, the processing modules of the apparatus in FIG. 1 are placed radially around the transport chamber of the processing apparatus. The transport apparatus, which is a conventional two or three axis of movement apparatus (e.g. Z, θ, T Axis) is centrally located in the transport chamber to transport substrates between processing modules. As can be realized from FIG. 1, throughput of the conventional processing apparatus is limited by the handling rate of the transport apparatus. In other words, throughput cannot be increased with the conventional apparatus by merely adding processing modules to the apparatus, because once the transport apparatus reaches a handling rate peak, this becomes the controlling factor for throughput. The apparatus of the present invention overcome the problems of the prior art as will be described further below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and other features of the present invention are explained in the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a substrate processing apparatus in accordance with the prior art;

FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of a substrate processing apparatus incorporating features of the present invention in accordance with a first embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view of a substrate processing apparatus in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 4-5 are respectively schematic plan views of substrate processing apparatus in accordance with still other embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of a substrate processing apparatus in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic plan view of a substrate processing system with two substrate processing apparatus in accordance with another embodiment, and FIG. 7A is another schematic plan view of the substrate processing system in accordance with yet another embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of another conventional substrate processing apparatus;

FIG. 9 is a schematic plan view of a conventional substrate processing system including a number of conventional processing apparatus and a stocker;

FIG. 10 is an end view of a platen drive system of the substrate processing apparatus;

FIGS. 11A-11B are respectively an end view, and a section view (taken along lines 11B-11B in FIG. 11A) of another platen drive system of the substrate processing apparatus;

FIG. 12 is a top view of an exemplary cart of the substrate processing apparatus in accordance with another embodiment of the apparatus;

FIG. 12A is another top view of the exemplary cart in FIG. 12 with the cart shown in an extended position;

FIG. 12B is an end view of the exemplary cart in FIG. 12 in a portion of a chamber of the apparatus;

FIG. 13A is a top end view of a portion of a chamber of the apparatus with a drive system and transport cart in accordance with another embodiment of the apparatus;

FIG. 13B-13C respectively are a section view of the chamber and cart taken along lines 13B-13B in FIG. 13A, and another section view taken along lines 13C-13C in FIG. 13B;

FIG. 13D is a schematic diagram of an exemplary drive system of the apparatus;

FIG. 14A is an end view of another embodiment of a cart used with the apparatus in FIG. 2;

FIG. 14B is a graph illustrating the relationship between axial deflection Z and a restoring force F of the drive system;

FIGS. 15-16 are respectively a schematic perspective view and an exploded elevation view of semiconductor workpiece transport cart of the apparatus in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 17 is a schematic perspective view of the transport cart in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 18 is a cross-section of a portion of the transport apparatus in FIG. 2 and a workpiece chuck rotation device of the apparatus;

FIGS. 19-20 respectively are elevation views of the workpiece chuck rotation device and a transport cart of the apparatus with the transport cart in different positions;

FIG. 21 is another schematic elevation of the chuck rotation device in accordance with yet another embodiment; and

FIGS. 22-23 respectively are a schematic top plan view and schematic elevation view of yet another embodiment of the transport cart for the apparatus;

FIGS. 23A-23B respectively are other top plan views of the transport cart in FIG. 22 with a transfer arm of the cart in two different positions;

FIG. 24 is a schematic elevation view of another embodiment of the transport cart;

FIGS. 24A-24C respectively are plan views of the transport cart in FIG. 24 with the transport arm linkage of the cart in three different positions;

FIG. 25 is a schematic elevation view of still another embodiment of the transport cart;

FIGS. 25A-25C respectively are plan views of the transport cart in FIG. 25 with the transport arm linkage of the cart in three different positions;

FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of system control software in the controller of the apparatus.

FIG. 27 is a schematic plan view of a substrate processing system in accordance with yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional elevation view of a representative module of a transport chamber of the system in FIG. 27;

FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional view of the chamber module taken along line 29-29 in FIG. 28; and

FIG. 30 is a bottom view of a substrate transport of the system in FIG. 27.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a schematic plan view of a substrate processing apparatus 10 incorporating features of the present invention. Although the present invention will be described with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present invention can be embodied in many alternate forms of embodiments. In addition any suitable size, shape or type of elements or materials could be used.

The substrate processing apparatus 10 is connected to an environmental front end module (EFEM) 14 which has a number of load ports 12 as shown in FIG. 2. The load ports 12 are capable of supporting a number of substrate storage canisters such as for example conventional FOUP canisters; though any other suitable type may be provided. The EFEM 14 communicates with the processing apparatus through load locks 16 which are connected to the processing apparatus as will be described further below. The EFEM 14 (which may be open to atmosphere) has a substrate transport apparatus (not shown) capable of transporting substrates from load ports 12 to load locks 16. The EFEM 14 may further include substrate alignment capability, batch handling capability, substrate and carrier identification capability or otherwise. In alternate embodiments, the load locks 16 may interface directly with the load ports 12 as in the case where the load locks have batch handling capability or in the case where the load locks have the ability to transfer wafers directly from the FOUP to the lock. Some examples of such apparatus are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,071,059, 6,375,403, 6,461,094, 5,588,789, 5,613,821, 5,607,276, 5,644,925, 5,954,472, 6,120,229 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/200,818 filed Jul. 22, 2002 all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In alternate embodiments, other lock options may be provided.

Still referring to FIG. 2, the processing apparatus 10, which as noted before may be used for processing semiconductor substrates (e.g. 200/300 mm wafers), panels for flat panel displays, or any other desired kind of substrate, generally comprises transport chamber 18, processing modules 20, and at least one substrate transport apparatus 22. The substrate transport apparatus 22 in the embodiment shown is integrated with the chamber 18. In this embodiment, processing modules are mounted on both sides of the chamber. In other embodiments, processing modules may be mounted on one side of the chamber as shown for example in FIG. 4. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, processing modules 20 are mounted opposite each other in rows Y1, Y2 or vertical planes. In other alternate embodiments, the processing modules may be staggered from each other on the opposite sides of the transport chamber or stacked in a vertical direction relative to each other. The transport apparatus 22 has a cart 22C that is moved in the chamber to transport substrates between load locks 16 and the processing chambers 20. In the embodiment shown, only one cart 22C is provided, in alternate embodiments, more carts may be provided. As seen in FIG. 2, the transport chamber 18 (which is subjected to vacuum or an inert atmosphere or simply a clean environment or a combination thereof in its interior) has a configuration, and employs a novel substrate transport apparatus 22 that allows the processing modules to be mounted to the chamber 18 in a novel Cartesian arrangement with modules arrayed in substantially parallel vertical planes or rows. This results in the processing apparatus 10 having a more compact footprint than a comparable conventional processing apparatus (i.e. a conventional processing apparatus with the same number of processing modules) as is apparent from comparing FIGS. 1 and 2. Moreover, the transport chamber 22 may be capable of being provided with any desired length to add any desired number of processing modules, as will be described in greater detail below, in order to increase throughput. The transport chamber may also be capable of supporting any desired number of transport apparatus therein and allowing the transport processing chamber on apparatus to reach any desired processing chamber on the transport chamber without interfering with each other. This in effect decouples the throughput of the processing apparatus from the handling capacity of the transport apparatus, and hence the processing apparatus throughput becomes processing limited rather than handling limited. Accordingly, throughput can be increased as desired by adding processing modules and corresponding handling capacity on the same platform.

Still referring to FIG. 2, the transport chamber 18 in this embodiment has a general rectangular shape though in alternate embodiments the allow chamber may have any other suitable shape. The chamber 18 has a slender shape (i.e. length much longer than width) and defines a generally linear transport path for the transport apparatus therein. The chamber 18 has longitudinal side walls 18S. The side walls 18S have transport openings or ports 180 formed therethrough. The transport ports 180 are sized large enough to substrates to pass through the ports (can be through valves) into and out of the transport chamber. As can be seen in FIG. 2, the processing modules 20 in this embodiment are mounted outside the side walls 18S with each processing module being aligned with a corresponding transport port in the transport chamber. As can be realized, each processing module 20 may be sealed against the sides 18S of the chamber 18 around the periphery of the corresponding transport aperture to maintain the vacuum in the transport chamber. Each processing module may have a valve, controlled by any suitable means to close, the transport port when desired. The transport ports 180 may be located in the same horizontal plane. Accordingly, the processing modules on the chamber are also aligned in the same horizontal plane. In alternate embodiments the transport ports may be disposed in different horizontal planes. As seen in FIG. 2, in this embodiment, the load locks 16 are mounted to the chamber sides 18S at the two front most transport ports 180. This allows the load locks to be adjacent the EFEM 14 at the front of the processing apparatus. In alternate embodiments, the load locks may be located at any other transport ports on the transport chamber such as shown for example in FIG. 4. The hexahedron shape of the transport chamber allows the length of the chamber to be selected as desired in order to mount as many rows of processing modules as desired (for example see FIGS. 3, 5, 6-7A showing other embodiments in which the transport chamber length is such to accommodate any number of processing modules).

As noted before, the transport chamber 18 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 has one substrate transport apparatus 22 having a single cart 22C. The transport apparatus 22 is integrated with the chamber to translate cart 22C back and forth in the chamber between front 18F and back 18B. The transport apparatus 22 has cart 22C having end effectors for holding one or more substrates. The cart 22C of transport apparatus 22 also has an articulated arm or movable transfer mechanism 22A for extending and retracting the end effectors in order to pick or release substrates in the processing modules or load locks. To pick or release substrates from the processing modules/load ports, the transport apparatus 22 may be aligned with desired module/port and the arm is extended/retracted through the corresponding port 180 to position the end effector inside the module/port for the substrate pick/release.

The transport apparatus 22, shown in FIG. 2 is a representative transport apparatus and, includes a cart 22C which is supported from linear support/drive rails. The transport apparatus will be described in greater detail below. The linear support/drive rails may be mounted to the side walls 18S, floor, or top of the transport chamber and may extend the length of the chamber. This allows the cart 22C, and hence, the apparatus to traverse the length of the chamber. The cart has a frame, which supports the arm. The frame also supports caster mounts or platens 22B, which move with or relative to the frame. As will also be described further below, a sequential synchronous linear motor 30 drives the platens 22B and hence the cart 22C along the rails. The linear motor 30 may be located in the floor or side walls 18S of the transport chamber. A barrier, as will be seen further below, may be located between the windings of the motor and the motive portion of the platens to isolate the windings from the interior of the chamber. In general, the linear motor may include a number of drive zones. The drive zones are located at locations along the transport chamber where the arm 22A is extended/retracted (i.e. at the rows Y0-Y2 in this embodiment of modules/ports). The number and density of drive zones is dependent on the number of platens per cart, the number of motors per chamber, the number of process modules or exchange points etc. In this embodiment, the arm is operably connected to the platens 22A by a suitable linkage/transmission so that when the platens are moved by a drive motor in relative motion to each other the arm is extended or retracted. For instance, the transmission may be arranged so that when the platens are moved apart along the rails the arm is extended to the left, and when moved back closer together the arm is retracted from the left. The platens may also be suitably operated by a linear motor to extend/retract the arm 22A to/from the right. The control of movement of the platens over the slide rails with the linear motor, as well as position sensing of the platens and hence of the cart and the extended/retracted position of the arm may be accomplished in accordance with international application having publication numbers WO 99/23504; 99/33691; 01/02211; 01/38124; and 01/71684, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. As can be realized, the platens may be driven in unison in one direction in order to move the entire cart/apparatus in that longitudinal direction inside the transport chamber.

FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a substrate processing apparatus 10′ which is generally similar to apparatus 10. In this embodiment, the transport chamber 18′ has two transport apparatus 22A, 22B. The transport apparatus 122A, 122B are substantially the same as the apparatus 22 in the previously described embodiment. Both transport apparatus 122A, 122B may be supported from a common set of longitudinal slide rails as described before. The platens of the cart corresponding to each apparatus may be driven by the same linear motor drive. The different drive zones of the linear motor allow the independent driving of individual platens on each cart and thus also the independent driving of each individual cart 122A, 122B. Thus, as can be realized the arm of each apparatus can be independently extended/retracted using the linear motor in a manner similar to that described before. However, in this case the substrate transport apparatus 122A, 122B are not capable of passing each other in the transport chamber unless separate slide systems are employed. Accordingly, the processing modules are positioned along the length of the transport chamber so that the substrate may be transported to be processed in the processing module in a sequence which would avoid the transport apparatus from interfering with each other. For example, processing modules for coating may be located before heating modules, and cooling modules and etching modules may be located last.

However, the transport chamber 18′ may have another transport zone 18′A, 18′B which allow the two transport apparatus to pass over each other (akin to a side rail, bypass rail or magnetically suspended zone that does not require rails). In this case, the other transport zone may be located either above or below the horizontal plane(s) in which the, processing modules are located. In this embodiment the transport apparatus has two slide rails, one for each transport apparatus. One slide rail may be located in the floor, or side walls of the transport chamber, and the other slide rail may be located in the top of the chamber. In alternate embodiments, a linear drive system may be employed which simultaneously drives and suspends the carts where the carts may be horizontally and vertically independently moveable, hence allowing them independent of each other to pass or transfer substrates. In all embodiments employing electric windings, these windings may also be used as resistance heaters as in the case where it is desired that the chamber be heated for degas as in the case to eliminate water vapor for example. Each transport apparatus in this case may be driven by a dedicated linear drive motor or a dedicated drive zone in which the cart resides similar to that described before.

Referring now to FIGS. 6, and 7 there are shown other substrate processing apparatus in accordance with other embodiments of the present invention. As seen in FIGS. 6 and 7 the transport chamber in these embodiments is elongated to accommodate additional processing modules. The apparatus shown in FIG. 6 has twelve (12) processing modules connected to the transport chamber, and each apparatus (two apparatus are shown) in FIG. 7 has 24 processing module connected to the transport chamber. The numbers of processing modules shown in these embodiments are merely exemplary, and the apparatus may have any other number of processing modules as previously described. The processing modules in these embodiments are disposed along the sides of the transport chamber in a Cartesian arrangement similar to that previously discussed. The number of rows of processing modules in these case however have been greatly increased (e.g. six (6) rows in the apparatus of FIG. 6, and twelve (12) rows in each of the apparatus of FIG. 7). In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the EFEM may be removed and the load ports may be mated directly to load locks. The transport chamber of the apparatus in FIGS. 6, and 7 have multiple transport apparatus (i.e. three apparatus in the case of FIG. 6, and six apparatus in the case of FIG. 7) to handle the substrates between the load locks and the processing chambers. The number of transport apparatus shown are merely exemplary and more or fewer apparatus may be used. The transport apparatus in these embodiments are generally similar to that previously described, comprising an arm and a cart. In this case, however, the cart is supported from zoned linear motor drives in the side walls of the transport chamber. The linear motor drives in this case provide for translation of the cart in two orthogonal axis (i.e. longitudinally in the transport chamber and vertically in the transport chamber). Accordingly, the transport apparatus are capable of moving past one another in the transport chamber. The transport chamber may have “passing” or transport areas above and/or below the plane(s) of the processing modules, through which the transport apparatus may be routed to avoid stationary transport apparatus (i.e. picking/releasing substrates in the processing modules) or transport apparatus moving in opposite directions. As can be realized, the substrate transport apparatus has a controller for controlling the movements of the multiple substrate transport apparatus.

Still referring to FIG. 7, the substrate processing apparatus 18A and 18B in this case may be mated directly to a tool 300.

As may be realized from FIGS. 3, 5 and 6-7 the transport chamber 18 may be extended as desired to run throughout the processing facility P. As seen in FIG. 7, and as will be described in further detail below, the transport chamber may connect and communicate with various sections or bays, 18A, 18B in the processing facility P such as for example storage, lithography tool, metal deposition tool or any other suitable tool bays. Bays interconnected by the transport chamber 18 may also be configured as process bays or processes 18A, 18B. Each bay has desired tools (e.g. lithography, metal deposition, heat soaking, cleaning) to accomplish a given fabrication process in the semiconductor workpiece. In either case, the transport chamber 18 has processing modules, corresponding to the various tools in the facility bays, communicably connected thereto, as previously described, to allow transfer of the semiconductor workpiece between chamber and processing modules. Hence, the transport chamber may contain different environmental conditions such as atmospheric, vacuum, ultra high vacuum, inert gas, or any other, throughout its length corresponding to the environments of the various processing modules connected to the transport chamber. Accordingly, the section 18P1 of the chamber in a given process or bay 18A, 18B, or within a portion of the bay, may have for example, one environmental condition (e.g. atmospheric), and another section 18P2, 18P3 of the chamber may have a different environmental condition. As noted before, the section 18P1, 18P2, 18P3 of the chamber with different environments therein may be in different bays of the facility, or may all be in one bay of the facility. FIG. 7 shows the chamber 18 having three sections 18P1, 18P2, 18P3 with different environments for example purposes only. The chamber 18 in this embodiment may have as many sections with as many different environments as desired.

As seen in FIG. 7, the transport apparatus, similar to apparatus 122A, (see also FIG. 3) in the chamber 18 are capable of transiting between sections 18P1, 18P2, 18P3 of the chamber with different environments therein. Hence, as can be realized from FIG. 7, the transport apparatus 122A may with one pick move a semiconductor workpiece from the tool in one process or bay 18A of the processing facility to another tool with a different environment in a different process or bay 18B of the process facility. For example, transport apparatus 122A may pick a substrate in processing module 301, which may be an atmospheric module, lithography, etching or any other desired processing module in section 18P1, of transport chamber 18. The transport apparatus 122A may then move in the direction indicated by arrow X3 in FIG. 7 from section 18P1 of the chamber to section 18P3. In section 18P3, the transport apparatus 122A may place the substrate in processing module 302, which may be any desired processing module.

As can be realized from FIG. 7, the transport chamber may be modular, with chamber modules connected as desired to form the chamber 18. The modules may include internal walls 181, similar to walls 18F, 18R in FIG. 2, to segregate sections 18P1, 18P2, 18P3, 18P4 of the chamber. Internal walls 181 may include slot valves, or any other suitable valve allowing one section of the chamber 18P1, 18P4 to communicate with adjoining section. The slot valves 18V, may be sized to allow, one or more carts to transit through the valves from one section 18P1, 18P4 to another. In this way, the carts 122A may move anywhere throughout the chamber 18. The valves may be closed to isolate sections 18P1, 18P2, 18P3, 18P4 of the chamber so that the different sections may contain disparate environments as described before. Further, the internal walls of the chamber modules may be located to form load locks 18P4 as shown in FIG. 2. The load locks 18P4 (only one is shown in FIG. 2 for example purposes) may be located in chamber 18 as desired and may hold any desired number of carts 122A therein.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, processes 18A and 18B may be the same process, for example etch, where the processing apparatus 18A and 18B in combination with tool 300 being a stocker are capable of processing equal amounts of substrates as, for example the apparatus shown in FIG. 9 but without the associated material handling overhead associated with transporting FOUPS from the stocker to individual process tools via an AMHS, and transporting individual wafers via EFEM's to the respective processing tools. Instead, the robot within the stocker directly transfers FOUPS to the load ports (3 shown per tool more or less could be provided depending on throughput requirements) where the wafers are batch moved into locks and dispatched to their respective process module(s) depending on the desired process and/or throughput required. In this manner, in a steady state fashion, the FIG. 7 apparatus and FIG. 9 apparatus may have the same throughput, but the apparatus in FIG. 7 does it with less cost, lower footprint, less WIP required—therefor less inventory and with a quicker turnaround when looking at the time to process a single carrier lot (or “hot lot”) resulting in significant advantages for the fab operator. Within the tool 18A, 18B or the stocker 300 may further have metrology capability, sorting capability, material identification capability, test capability, inspection capability (put boxes . . . ) etc. as required to effectively process and test substrates.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, more or less processes 18A and 18B may be provided that are different processes, for example etch, CMP, copper deposition, PVD, CVD, etc . . . where the processing apparatus 18A, 18B, etc. in combination with tool 300 being, for example a photolithography cell are capable of processing equal amounts of substrates as, for example multiple apparatus shown in FIG. 9 but without the associated material handling overhead associated with transporting FOUPs from stockers to individual process tool bays and a lithography bay via an AMHS, and transporting individual wafers via EFEM's to the respective processing tools. Instead, the automation within the lithography cell directly transfers FOUPS, substrates or material to the load ports (3 shown per process type, more or less could be provided depending on throughput requirements) where the substrates are dispatched to their respective process depending on the desired process and/or throughput required. An example of such an alternative is shown in FIG. 7A. In this manner, the apparatus in FIG. 7 processes substrates with less cost, lower footprint, less WIP required—therefor less inventory and with a quicker turnaround when looking at the time to process a single carrier lot (or “hot lot”), and with a higher degree of contamination control resulting in significant advantages for the fab operator. Within the tool 18A, 18B or the tool or cell 300 may further have metrology capability, processing capability, sorting capability, material identification capability, test capability, inspection capability (put boxes . . . ) etc. . . . as required to effectively process and test substrates. As can be realized from FIG. 7, the processing apparatus 18A, 18B, and tool 300 may be coupled to share a common controller environment (e.g. inert atmosphere, or vacuum). This ensures that substrates remain in a controlled environment from tool 300 and throughout the process in apparatus 18A, 18B. This eliminates use of special environment controls of the FOUPs as in conventional apparatus configuration shown in FIG. 8.

Referring now to FIG. 7A, there is shown an exemplary fabrication facility layout 601 incorporating features of the embodiment shown in FIG. 7. Carts 406, similar to carts 22A, 122A transport substrates or wafers through process steps within the fabrication facility 601 through transport chambers 602, 604, 606, 608, 610, 612, 614, 616, 618, 620, 624, 626. Process steps may include epitaxial silicon 630, dielectric deposition 632, photolithography 634, etching 636, ion implantation 638, rapid thermal processing 640, metrology 642, dielectric deposition 644, etching 646, metal deposition 648, electroplating 650, chemical mechanical polishing 652. In alternate embodiments, more or less processes may be involved or mixed; such as etch, metal deposition, heating and cooling operations in the same sequence. As noted before, carts 406 may be capable of carrying a single wafer or multiple wafers and may have transfer capability, such as in •the case where cart 406 has the capability to pick a processed wafer and place an unprocessed wafer at the same module. Carts 406 may travel through isolation valves 654 for direct tool to tool or bay to bay transfer or process to process transfer. Valves 654 may be sealed valves or simply conductance type valves depending upon the pressure differential or gas species difference on either side of a given valve 654. In this manner, wafers or substrates may be transferred from one process step to the next with a single handling step or “one touch”. As a result, contamination due to handling is minimized. Examples of such pressure or species difference could be for example, clean air on one side and nitrogen on the other; or roughing pressure vacuum levels on one side and high vacuum on the other; or vacuum on one side and nitrogen on the other. Load locks 656, similar to chambers 184P4 in FIG. 7, may be used to transition between one environment and another; for example between vacuum and nitrogen or argon. In alternate embodiments, other pressures or species may be provided in any number of combinations. Load locks 656 may be capable of transitioning a single carrier or multiple carriers. Alternately, substrate(s) may be transferred into load lock 656 on shelves (not shown) or otherwise where the cart is not desired to pass through the valve. Additional features 658 such as alignment modules, metrology modules, cleaning modules, process modules (ex: etch, deposition, polish etc. . . . ), thermal conditioning, modules or otherwise, may be incorporated in lock 656 or the transport chambers. Service ports 660 may be provided to remove carts or wafers from the tool. Wafer or carrier stockers 662, 664 may be provided to store and buffer process and or test wafers. In alternate embodiments, stockers 662, 664 may not be provided, such as where carts are directed to lithography tools directly. Another example is where indexer or wafer storage module 666 is provided on the tool set. Re-circulation unit 668 may be provided to circulate and or filter air or the gas species in any given section such as tool section 612. Re-circulation unit 668 may have a gas purge, particle filters, chemical filters, temperature control, humidity control or other features to condition the gas species being processed. In a given tool section more or less circulation and or filter or conditioning units may be provided. Isolation stages 670 may be provided to isolate carts and/or wafers from different process or tool sections that can not be cross contaminated. Locks or interconnects 672 may be provided to change cart orientation or direction in the event the cart may pick or place within a generic workspace without an orientation change. In alternate embodiments or methods any suitable combination of process sequences or make up could be provided.

Referring now to FIG. 10, there is shown an end view of an exemplary single axis platen drive system 320 in accordance with one embodiment. Drive system 320 is an example of a drive suitable for driving transport apparatus or carts 22A, 122A, 406 shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 7-7A. System 320 has a stationary winding set which drives platen 324. Platen 324 may be supported on slide blocks 326 which are slideable on rails 328. Rails 328 are coupled to a base 330, or side walls, of the transport chamber. Base 330 provides a barrier 332 between winding 322 and platen 324. As can be realized, barrier 332 may also isolate the winding 322 from the interior environment of the chamber. Winding 322 is coupled to base 330. Platen may have magnets 334 coupled to it for interfacing the platen 324 with winding 322. A sensor 336 may be a magneto-restrictive type hall effect sensor and may be provided for sensing the presence of the magnets in platen 324 and determining proper commutation. Additionally, sensors 336 may be employed for fine position determination of platen 324. Position feedback device 340 may be provided for accurate position feedback. Device 340 may be inductive or optical for example. In the instance where it is inductive, an excitation source 342 may be provided which excites winding or pattern 346 and inductively couples back to receiver 344 via coupling between pattern 346. The relative phase and amplitude relationship used for determining the location of platen 324. A cart identification tag 347, such as an IR tag may be provided with a reader 348 provided at appropriate stations to determine cart id by station.

Referring now to FIG. 11A, there is shown an end view of platen drive system 400 in accordance with another embodiment. Referring also to FIG. 11B, there is shown a section view of drive system 400, taken along lines 11B-11B in FIG. 11A. As will be described further below, system 400 is capable of effecting movement of a platen or cart 406 (cart 406 may be similar to carts or transport apparatus 22A, 122A described before). System 400 has opposing stationary winding sets 402, 404 which drive cart 406. Winding sets 402, 404 are wound in a two dimensional driving array, vertical 408 and lateral 410. In alternate embodiments, additional arrays could be provided to drive cart 406 in different directions, for example 427 by coupling system 400 to another similar system oriented 90 degrees therefrom. The arrays are driven in multiple zones in order to allow multiple carts to be driven independently. As an example, zone 424 could be a supply zone, zone 426 could be a transfer zone, and zone 428 could be a return zone. Within each zone may be sub-zones which allow driving multiple carts within each zone. In alternate embodiments, more or less zones or sub-zones may be provided in any of a number of combinations. Cart 406 is supported by the fields produced by winding sets 402, 404 and is positionable in a non-contact manner by biasing the fields between winding sets 402 and 406. Chamber 412 may be provided as a barrier 414 between winding sets 402, 404 and cart 406. Windings exist in zone 416 as shown. Cart 406 may have platens 418, 420 with the windings. In alternate embodiments, more or less platens may be provided. Arrays of sensors may be provided for sensing the presence of the magnets in the platens or the cart or the platens for determining proper commutation and location and for fine position determination of the platens and the cart. A cart identification tag may be provided with a reader provided at appropriate stations to determine cart id by station.

Referring now to FIG. 12, there is shown a top view of an exemplary cart 229 for the processing apparatus 10 in accordance with another embodiment of the apparatus. Cart 229 may be similar to carts 22, 122A, 406 described before and shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 7-7A. Cart 229 is shown as being capable of transporting substrate 148 along an axial path 150 and/or a radial path 152. The cart 229 is also capable of moving the substrate along path 154 shown in FIG. 12. Cart 229 is shown as a two dimensional system for simplicity, however in alternate embodiments additional axis of motion, for example, z motion (not shown in and out of paper) or angular motion 154 could be provided. Cart 229 is shown as being capable of handling a single substrate 148 for simplicity. However, in alternate embodiments, additional handling could be provided. For example, the cart may include capability to handle a second substrate, as in the case where it is desired that a substrate be exchanged at a process module (i.e. a first, processed substrate may be picked and a second unprocessed substrate may then be placed at the same process module from the same cart 229).

Cart 229 has frame 156, end effector 158 and secondary frame 160. Slides 162 constrain frame 156, end effector 158 and secondary frame 160 to be slideable relative to each other along linear path 152 either to the left or right of frame 156 as shown. Although a linear mechanism is shown, in alternate embodiments, any suitable arm system may be used such as, for example, a scara type arm coupled to frame 156 as shown in FIG. 17 and as will be described in greater detail below. Substrate 148 is supported on end effector 158.

Referring now to FIG. 12A, there, is shown a top view of exemplary cart 229, in a portion of chamber 229 (similar to chamber 18 and 602-626, see FIGS. 2-3, and 7-7A). The cart has the end effector, 158 extended into exemplary module 166. Module 166 may be similar to any of the modules described before as being connected to the transport chamber. Cart 229 is shown as being capable of transporting substrate 148 along an axial path 150 and/or a radial path 152. Cart 229 has frame 156, end effector 158 and secondary frame 160. Slides 162 constrain frame 156, end effector 158 and secondary frame 160 to be slideable relative to each other along linear path 152 either to the left or right of frame 156 as shown. Frame 156 has magnetic platens 168 on its underside which interface with synchronous motor 170. Drive platen 172 interfaces with synchronous motor 174. Drive platen 172 is mounted on the underside of and slideable relative to frame 156 along direction 176 which is substantially parallel to direction 150 by using bearings 178. Movement of platens 168 and 172 simultaneously along direction 150 allows cart to move in direction 150 without motion in direction 152. Holding platens 168 stationary while simultaneously moving platen 172 along direction 176 relative to frame 156 causes a radial motion along direction 152 of substrate and end effector 148, 158.

Linear motion of platen 172 in direction 176 is translated into linear motion of secondary frame 160 along direction 152. Pulley 186 is rotatably coupled to frame 156 arid has secondary pulleys 188 and 182. Pulley 182 is coupled to platen 172 with bands 184 such that movement of platen 172 along direction 180 causes pulley 182 to rotate in direction 190 with the opposite applying in opposing directions. Pulleys 192 and 194 are rotatably coupled to frame 156. Cable 196 is coupled to pulley 188 at point 198, wraps around pulley 192 as shown, and terminates at 200 on secondary frame 160. Cable 202 is coupled to pulley 188 at point 198, wraps around pulley 188 counterclockwise, wraps around pulley 194 as shown and terminates at 204 on secondary frame 160. In this manner, linear motion of platen 172 in direction 176 is translated into linear motion of secondary frame 160 along direction 152.

Linear motion of platen 172 in direction 176 and the translated linear motion of secondary frame 160 along direction 152 also further extends end effector 158 in direction 152 as shown. Pulleys 210 and 212 are rotatably coupled to secondary frame 160. Cable 214 is coupled to end effector 158 at point 216, wraps around pulley 210 as shown, and terminates at 218 on frame 156. Cable 220 is coupled to end effector 158 at point 222, wraps around pulley 212 and terminates at 224 on frame 156. In this manner, linear motion of platen 172 in direction 176 is translated into linear motion of secondary frame 160 along direction 152 which is further translated to further extension of end effector 158 in direction 152 as shown. In lieu of cable pulleys, the transmissions between platens and end effectors may use belts, bands or any other suitable transmission means made of any suitable materials. In alternate embodiments a suitable linkage system may be used in place of cable pulleys to transmit motion from the platens to the end effectors. Retraction of the end effector 158, to the position shown substantially in FIG. 12, is accomplished in a similar but reverse manner. Further, extension of the end effector 158 to a position similar to but opposite from that shown in FIG. 12B is effected by moving platens 168, 172 in an opposite manner to that described above.

Referring now to FIG. 12B, there is shown an end view of cart 229 before being extended into exemplary process module 166. Slides 240 constrain frame 156 to be slideable along linear path 150 as shown. Frame 156 has magnetic platens 168 on its underside which interface with synchronous motor 170. Drive platen 172 interfaces with synchronous motor 174. Drive platen 172 is mounted on the underside of and slideable relative to frame 156 along a direction which is substantially parallel to direction indicated by arrow 150 (see FIG. 12). Movement of platens 168 and 172 simultaneously along direction 150 allows the cart to move in direction indicated by arrow 150 without motion in direction 152. Holding platens 168 stationary while simultaneously moving platen 172 along direction 176 relative to frame 156 causes a radial motion along direction 152 of substrate and end effector 148, 158. Platens 172 and 168 may have magnets that interface with motors 170 and 174. Chamber 244 may be made from a nonmagnetic material, for example nonmagnetic stainless steel and provide a barrier 246, 248 between the motor windings and their respective platens. In alternate embodiments, more or less linear drives or carts may be provided. For example, a single drive motor may be provided-having additional drive zones where platens 168 and 172 would interface with the same drive motor but be independently driveable by the different zones. As a further example, additional carts could be driven by different drive systems in the floor 250, the walls 252, 254 above in line with or below the slot openings or in the cover 256 of the chamber.

Referring now to FIG. 13A, there is shown a portion of chamber 716 of the apparatus 10, and a top view of an exemplary drive system 701 with an exemplary cart 700 that may be used with the apparatus. Chamber 716 is another representative portion of chamber IS, or chambers 602-624 of the apparatus (see FIGS. 2-3, and 7-7A). Cart 700 is shown as being capable of transporting substrates 702A, 702B along an axial path 704 and/or a radial path 706 or in a Z motion (not shown—in and out of paper). In alternate embodiments, angular motion could be provided. In alternate embodiments, more or less substrate handling could be provided. Cart 700 has transport mechanisms 724A and 724B which can be a linear mechanism or any suitable arm system may be used such as, for example, a scara type arm. In alternate embodiments no arm may be provided. Transport mechanisms 724A and 724B may extended into process modules or other modules as desired in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 12A. Cart 700 has platens 722, 720, 710 and 712 on its sides which interface with synchronous motors in the walls of transport chamber 716. Drive platen 712 is mounted on the side of cart 700 and is slideable relative to cart 700 along direction 704. Platen 712 drives mechanism 724A such that the movement of platen 712 along direction 704 (from location 712A to 712B, see FIG. 13A) relative to cart 700 allows mechanism 724A to transport wafer 702A between location 708A and 708B through slots 718A and 718B. Similarly, drive platen 710 is mounted on the side of cart 700 and is slideable relative to cart 700 along direction 704. Platen 710 drives mechanism 724B such that the movement of platen 710 along direction 704 (from location 710A to 710B, see FIG. 13A) relative to cart 700 allows mechanism 724B to transport wafer 702B between location 708A and 708B through slots 718A and 718B. Platens 710 and 712 are independently moveable relative to cart 700. Platens 722, 720 are fixed relative to cart 700. Holding platens 720, 722 stationary while simultaneously moving platen 712 along direction 704 causes a radial transfer motion along direction 706. Holding platens 720, 722 stationary while simultaneously moving platen 710 along direction 704 also causes a separate radial transfer motion along direction 706. Simultaneously moving platens 720, 722, 710 and 712 along direction 704 causes cart 700 to move along direction 704 enabling the cart 700 to move from process location to process location as through valve 714 for example.

Referring now to FIG. 13B, there is shown a section view of the exemplary drive system 701 and cart 700 taken along line 13B-13B in FIG. 13A. Referring also to FIG. 13C, there is shown another side section view of the exemplary drive system 701 in FIG. 13B. System 701 has opposing stationary winding sets 727, 729 that drive cart 700. Winding sets 727, 729 are wound in a combination of one and two dimensional driving arrays, for example, vertical 705 and lateral 704. The driving arrays may be linear motors or linear stepping type motors in one or two dimensional arrays. Examples of such driving arrays are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,958,115, 5,126,648, 4,555,650, 3,376,578, 3,857,078, 4,823,062, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In alternate embodiments, integrated two dimensional winding sets could be employed with platens having two dimensional magnets or patterns. In other alternate embodiments, other types of one or two dimensional drive systems could be employed. In alternate embodiments, additional arrays could be provided to drive cart 700 in different directions, for example by coupling system 701 to another similar system oriented 90 degrees therefrom. The arrays are driven in multiple zones in order to allow multiple carts to be driven independently. As an example, zone 685 could be a supply zone, zone 683 could be a transfer zone, and zone 681 could be a return zone. Within each zone may be sub-zones which allow driving multiple carts within each zone. In alternate embodiments, more or less zones or sub-zones may be provided in any of a number of combinations. Cart 700 is supported by the fields produced by winding sets 727, 729 and is positionable in a levitated and non-contact manner by biasing the fields between winding sets 727 and 729. FIG. 13C shows one possible winding combination that could be driven by the system shown in FIG. 13D and employed to levitate cart 700 (as for example as discussed further below with reference to FIG. 14A, or through multiple axis active levitation). One dimensional winding sets. are provided in winding zones 732A-C and 730A-C and 734A-C and 742A-B and 740A-B. Two dimensional winding sets are provided in winding zones 736A-E and 738A-C. In alternate embodiments, any suitable combination of winding sets could be provided or a full 2-D array or otherwise could be provided. Cart 700 has platens 720 and 710 which may be used in combination with arrays 738B for platen 720 and arrays 736B, C and D for platen 710. By moving platen 710 in direction 704 (see FIG. 13A) and holding platen 720 stationary, a wafer may be radially moved through slot 718A. By simultaneously moving 710 and 720 in direction 70S (see FIG. 13B), a wafer may be picked or placed. By coordinating winding commutation and winding switching between zones, cart 700 may selectively be moved vertically and/or laterally through the different winding and drive zones. Chamber 716 may be provided as a barrier between winding sets 727, 729 and cart 700. In alternate embodiments, no barrier need exist, such as in the event that, winding sets 727, 729 are inside the enclosure 716 where there is for example a clean air or nitrogen environment. In alternate embodiments, more or less platens or windings may be provided. Arrays of sensors 746, 747, 748 may be provided for sensing the presence of the magnets in the platens or the platens or the cart(s) for determining proper commutation and location and for fine position determination of the platens and the cart, or for determining positions, such as the gap between platens and windings. A cart identification tag, as noted before, may be provided with a reader provided at appropriate stations to determine cart id by station.

Referring now to FIG. 14A there is shown an end view of another exemplary cart 760, in accordance with yet another embodiment, supported by the fields produced by single axis linear motor winding sets 762, 764. Exemplary cart 760 is positionable in a non-contact manner by biasing 776 the fields between winding sets 762 and 764. Position sensing 766, 768 is provided, in a close loop fashion with biasing 776, to levitate cart 760. Levitation may be accomplished in this simple manner as the cart is passively stabilized in the Z direction as shown in FIG. 14B. Cart 760 has magnetic platens 772 and 774 on its sides which may have magnets or be made from magnetic or conductive materials which interface with winding sets 762, 764. In alternate embodiments, more or less platens could be provided, driving arms for example. Chamber 770 (similar to any representative portion of the chambers 18, 602-624 of the apparatus, see FIGS. 2-3, and 7-7A) may be made from a nonmagnetic material, for example non-magnetic stainless steel and provide a barrier between the motor windings and their respective platens as described before. In alternate embodiments, more or less linear drives or carts may be provided. For example, a single drive motor may be provided having additional drive zones where platens would interface with the same drive motor but be independently driveable by the different zones. As a further example, additional carts could be driven by different drive systems in the floor, the walls above in line with or below slot openings or in the covers of the chamber.

In FIG. 14B the relationship between the restoring force F and the axial deflection Z from the desired position of cart 760 is graphically illustrated. In the respective positive or negative axial direction (z direction) the restoring force first increases in magnitude to a value FMAX or −FMAX respectively up to a maximal deflection ZMAX or −ZMAX respectively, but decreases again however when this deflection is exceeded. Therefore, if a force is applied to cart 760 (such as cart weight or external forces, such as from other winding sets that drive the same or other platens or otherwise) that exceeds FMAX, then the cart escapes from the windings 762, 764. Otherwise, cart 760 will stay within the fields as long as they are applied. This principle, described in US patent references (which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety) 6,485,531, 6,559,567, 6,386,505, 6,351,048, 6,355,998 for a rotary devices is applied in the drive system 701, of the apparatus described herein, in a linear fashion to levitate exemplary cart 760. In alternate embodiments, other drive systems or levitation systems may be used.

Referring again to FIG. 13D, there is shown a diagram of an exemplary winding drive system 790 suitable for use with cart/platen drive system 701 in FIG. 13A. Winding drive system 790 has windings 792, multiplexer 793 and amplifier modules 794. Windings 792 may have windings and/or sensors such as hall sensors, positions sensors, inductive sensors, carrier identification sensors, status and fault detection logic and circuitry or otherwise. Amplifier modules 794 may have single or multiple phase amplifiers, position and/or presence sensor inputs or outputs, CPUs and/or memory, identification reader inputs or outputs, status and fault detection logic and circuitry or otherwise. Amplifier modules 794 may connect directly to windings 792 or through multiplexer unit 793. When using multiplexer unit 793, amplifiers Al-Am may be selectively connected to any of windings Wl-Wn. A CPU coordinates this selective connection and monitors the status of the devices. In this manner, the CPU may selectively take amplifier modules or windings off line for service without shutting down the tool.

As noted before, the, transport apparatus or carts suitable for use in the transport chambers 18, 602-624 (see for example FIGS. 2-3 and 7-7A) may comprise carts with or without a transfer arm for transferring semiconductor workpieces between the cart and a desired location in the apparatus. FIGS. 12 and 13A respectively show, as described before, two, exemplary embodiments of transport carts 229, 700 with transfer arms for handling semiconductor workpieces in the apparatus. Referring now ahead to FIGS. 22 and 23, there is shown another embodiment of a transport cart mechanism 1557 suitable for use in the chambers of apparatus 10. Cart 1557 may include base section or base plate 1558 and transfer arm 1577 mounted to the base plate. As shown in FIG. 22, the cart mechanism base plate 1558 with two coupled magnet arrays 1502 on opposite sides of the plate, but not limited to opposite corners of the plate. On the opposing corners of the robot base plate 1558, two addition magnet arrays 1502 are coupled to linear bearing carriages 1560 and are made to slide on linear bearing rails 1562. These linear bearing rails 1562 are coupled to the base plate 1558. A drive belt 1564 or other means of converting linear motion to rotary motion is attached to the linear bearing carriage 1560. In the case shown, the drive belt 1564 is wrapped around an idler pulley 1566 and then a pulley tensioner 1568 and attached to a drive pulley 1570. The linear motion applied to the bearing carriage 1560 through the magnet array 1502, will result in rotary motion of the driven pulley 1572. In the case of a two degree of freedom application, a redundant version of the mechanism described is applied to the opposite side of the robot cart mechanism and a duplicate circuit is attached to drive pulley 1572. This combination yields a concentric pulley assembly. The relative motion between the fixed magnet array 1502 and the combined magnet array 1502 and linear bearing carriage 1560 provides a means of driving the transfer arm linkage. In the case of linear transport of the robot carriage, the linear bearing/magnet array 1560/1502 and the coupled magnet array/cart base plate 1502/1558 are driven as a fixed set and no rotation of the driven pulleys 1570 & 1572 is seen. The drive mechanism of base plate 1558 may be used for operating other suitable transfer arm linkages, some examples are shown in FIGS. 24-24C, 25-25C). The transfer arm 1577 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 23, has a general single SCARA arm configuration. Drive pulley 1572 is coupled to the lower link arm 1574 and drive pulley 1570 is tied to forearm drive pulley 1586. The rotation motion of the forearm pulley 1586 is coupled to the forearm 1578 through the drive belt 1582 and the elbow pulley 1576. The wrist/end effector 1584 is driven by the resulting relative rotation motion of the forearm 1578 with respect to the wrist elbow pulley 1580 as it is grounded to the lower link arm 1574. Typically, this motion is achieved by the pulley ratio at each joint with respect to the input drive ratio of pulleys 1572 and 1570. Referring also to FIGS. 23A-23B, the transfer arm linkage 1577 is shown respectively in retracted and extended positions. The movement between retracted and extended positions is achieved (in a manner as described above) by moving the movable magnet arrays 1502 as desired relative to the base plate. The movement of the arm linkage may be performed with the cart stationary or moving relative to the transport chamber. FIGS. 23A-23B show the transfer arm 1577 positioned so that when extended the arm 1577 extends to the lateral side 1576R (i.e. the side of the cart facing a chamber wall) of the cart. This is similar to the extension/retraction movement of the transfer mechanism 724A, B of cart 700 in FIG. 13A. As can be realized, the transfer arm 1577 on cart 1557 may be 25 rotated as a unit (using movable magnet arrays 1502) about axis of rotation S (see FIG. 22) to any desired orientation relative to the cart base plate. For example, if rotated about 180° from the orientation shown in FIGS. 23A-23B, the transfer arm 1577 may be extended to the opposite side 1575L from that shown in FIG. 23B. Further, the transfer arm may be rotated about 90° so that the arm extension is along the linear direction of the chamber (indicated by arrow 15X in FIG. 22). Any number of arm linkages may be employed with such a cart. Other examples of suitable arm linkages that may be used with the cart are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,180,276; 5,647,724; 5,765,983; and 6,485,250 all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIG. 24 is an elevation view of another embodiment of the cart mechanism 1557′ with dual rotary end effectors mounted to the cart base plate 1558′. Cart 1557′ is otherwise similar to cart 1557 described before and shown in FIGS. 22-23. Similar features are similarly numbered. FIGS. 24A-24C show the use of both linear transport and couple relative motion of the bearing carriage array as the cart is moving. As described before with reference to FIG. 22, the rotation of pulleys 1570′ and 1572′ results from the bearing carriage and magnet array moving with respect to the fixed magnet arrays which are coupled to the cart's base plate. In the combined case, the robot cart transport is moving along the linear chamber, in the direction indicated by arrows 15X′, and the bearing carriage and magnet array move with respect to the grounded arrays. This motion enables the end effector(s) 1588′ and 1590′ to rotate thereby causing the robot end effector to extend substantially perpendicular to the linear direction of the cart similar to FIGS. 23A-23B, described before. FIGS. 24A-24C show the end effectors 1588′ and 1590′ extended to one side for example purposes. As can be realized however, the end effectors 1588′, 1590′ may be extended to any side of the base plate. Further, the end effectors 1588′, 1590′ may be extended to a position where the end effector is oriented at an angle more or less than about 90° as shown in FIGS. 24A-24C.

FIG. 25 is a schematic elevation view of still another embodiment of the cart 1557″, having and arm linkage similar to that shown in FIG. 23. In this case, the drive pulley 1572″ is attached to the lower link arm 1592″. The driver pulley 1570″ is coupled to the end effector driver pulley 1600″ and, coupled to the elbow pulley 1596″ through a drive belt 1598″. The elbow drive pulley is attached to the robot end effector 1594″ and provides a means of transmitting the rotation of driver pulley 1570″ to the driven end effector 1594″. FIGS. 25A-25C show the cart with the arm linkage in three different positions. FIGS. 25A-25C show the end effector 1594″ extended to one side of the base plate 1558″ of the cart for example purposes only. Similar to the transfer arms shown in FIGS. 22-23 and 24, the transfer arm 1577″ may be rotated about axis S″ so that the end effector may be extended/retracted in any direction relative to the base plate 1558″ of the cart 1557″. With reference now also to FIGS. 2-7A, a significant advantage of using carts (such as carts 22, 122A, 406, 229, 700, 1557, 1557′, 1557″ shown in FIGS. 12, 13A, 22, 23, 24, and 25) with articulate transfer arms is that for a given reach of the transfer arm, the transfer chamber may be provided with the minimum width. The multi-axis articulation of the transfer arms on the different cart embodiments, allows substantially independent placement of the cart relative to the path of the articulating arm, which in turn allows the width of the transport chamber 18 to be reduced to a minimum. Similarly, the width of slot valves and passages connecting storage processing modules to the transport chamber may be reduced to minimum size.

Referring now to FIG. 15, an exemplary wafer aligner 500 for use with apparatus 10 is shown. The wafer aligner carrier 500 may generally include two parts, wafer chuck 504 and the wafer transport carrier 502. The aligner provides wafer alignment and movement within the linear cartesian transport tool. The aligner is made to interface with the transport cart(s) in the apparatus (such, as for example carts 22, 122A, 406, 700, 1557) or in some cases may be included in the robot cart of the linear process tool architecture.

Referring also to FIG. 16, the wafer chuck 504 is shown to be able to separate from the wafer transport carrier 502. Friction pads may couple the two devices during transport throughout the linear Cartesian apparatus. When disassembled, the wafer chuck 504 is free to rotate with respect to the wafer transport carrier 502. The wafer chuck 504 provides a means of passive wafer edge support by using angle ramped wafer edge pads 508 with respect to the substrate (wafer) 506. An additional feature as part of the wafer chuck 504 is the relief beneath the wafer 506 for the ability of the robot arm cart to remove and place the wafer onto the wafer carrier 500. This is identified as wafer removal clearance zone 510.

This method of wafer rotation with respect to the linear transport cart can be applied directly to the robot's end effector. This method is shown in FIG. 17. The robot arm cart 534 is configured so that the wafer chuck 504 is removable from the robot's end effector 536. In this case, the chuck is free to be rotated to correct for any slight wafer notch orientation requirements based on drop off point changes found in the process modules or load locks.

Referring also to FIG. 18, the wafer chuck rotation device 532 is shown. At multiple points within the linear transport tool, these rotational wells can be deployed. This device is based on motor isolation techniques found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,590 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In alternate embodiments, a conventional motor and seal combination may be used. A stationary motor 522 is mounted to the linear transport chamber's base 530. A vacuum isolation barrier 520 is placed between the motor armature 540 and the magnet array 524. The magnet array is mounted directly to the rotation shaft 542. This allows for direct drive coupling into the vacuum system. A possible support bearing 518 may be required but ideally, magnetic suspension is used. An optical encoder disc 526 is attached to the rotation shaft 542 with the read head 528 placed in a location to provide position feedback to the controller for the rotation shaft's 542 angle. The aligner chuck 504 is lowered onto the friction pads or kinematics pin(s) 516. These pads/pins provide a means of wafer chuck 504 rotation once the wafer chuck 504 is disconnected from the wafer carrier 502 or the robot's end effector 536. This same means of providing rotation can be applied to control the rotational position of a robotic arm link 538 applied as part of the robot arm carrier shown in FIG. 17.

Referring also to FIG. 19, the wafer transport carrier 500 consisting of the wafer chuck 504 and the wafer transport carrier is moved to a position above the wafer chuck rotation device 532. In FIG. 20, the wafer transport carrier is lowered such that the wafer chuck 504 is lifted off on the transport carrier 502. A camera 544 located in the transport's chamber lid 546 is able to look at the image of the wafer and identify the wafer's x-y position and the location angle of the wafer's notch. The wafer carrier can then be moved to provide x-y location change of the wafer chuck 504 with respect to the wafer transport carrier 502 and rotation can be provided to correct for notch alignment. Another option for the wafer chuck rotational drive when used as a method of robot arm carrier device is to allow rotational engagement while extending the robot link arm and requiring vertical axis of motion to allow for the substrate or wafer to be lowered/raised from the process module or load lock. A method of this approach is schematically shown in FIG. 21. A stationary motor 522 is mounted to a guided plate 548. The guided plate is attached to the linear transport chamber's base 530 via a metal bellows 550 or other linear isolation seal (lip seal, o-ring, etc.). A vacuum isolation barrier 520 is placed between the motor armature 540 and the magnet array 524. The magnet array is mounted directly to the rotation shaft 542. This allows for direct drive coupling into the vacuum system. A possible support bearing 518 may be required but ideally, magnetic suspension is used. An optical encoder disc 526 is attached to the rotation

shaft 542 with the read head 528 placed in a location to provide position feedback to the controller for the rotation shaft's 542 angle. An additional guide roller 552 and the supporting structure 554 with end of travel stop 556 allow the rotation drive to be held positioned as required to engage the wafer chuck or robot arm rather than using the linear wafer transport carrier 500 as the actuation device. In the case where the transport chamber is pressurized resulting in a state where the robot drive is positioned up, the force of the bellows will act as a spring and allows the rotational device to be engaged with various linear robot arm cart vertical elevations (such as during a pick or place) but over a practical limited vertical travel range. Once the device is engaged the friction pads or kinematics pin(s) 516. These pads/pins provide a means of wafer chuck 504 rotation once the wafer chuck 504 is disconnected from the wafer carrier 502 or the robot's end effector 536 as shown in FIG. 20. This same means of providing rotation can be applied to control the rotational position of a robotic arm link 538 applied as part of the robot arm carrier shown in FIG. 17.

Systems, such as those shown in FIGS. 2-7, may be controlled by configurable and scaleable software stored in controller C. Referring now also to FIG. 26, there is shown manufacturing execution (“MES”) system software that may be provided in the controller C communicably connected to the processing system. The MES system 2000 comprises software modules 2002-2016 or options that enhance the capabilities of the MES. The modules include a material control system (“MCS”) 2002, a real time dispatcher (“RTD”) 2004, a workflow or activity manager (“AM”) 2006, an engineering data manager (“EDA”) 2008 and a computer maintenance management system (“CMMS”) 2010. The MES 2002 allows manufacturers to configure their factory resources and process plans, track inventory and orders, collect and analyze production data, monitor equipment, dispatch work orders to manufacturing operators, and trace consumption of components into finished products. The MCS software module 2002 allows the manufacturer to efficiently schedule individual carts (for example, carts 22, 122A, 406, 228, 700, 1557 in FIGS. 2-3, 7-7A, 12, 13A and 22) to arrive at the processing tools to maximize overall system efficiency.

The MCS schedules when an individual cart will arrive at, and depart from, a specified processing tool (for example, process 18A, 18B in FIG. 7, and modules 602-626 in FIG. 7A). The MCS manages any queuing and routing requirements at each processing tool and optimizes the system yield while minimizing the cart transport cycle time. The RTD 2004 allows manufacturers to make cart routing decisions, in real time, based on feed back from the health of the processing tools. Additionally, cart routing decisions may be made by the MES operator. The MES operator may change the priority in which specific products need to be manufactured. The AM 2006 allows manufacturers to monitor the progress of any given cart containing one or more substrates though the entire manufacturing process. If a processing tool generates an error, the AM 2006 determines the best remaining route for the all the substrates being processed at the processing tool. The EDA 2008 allows manufactures to analyze the manufacturing data and execute statistical process control algorithms on that data in an effort to improve the efficiency of the processing tool. The CMMS 2010 system allows the manufacturer to predict when maintenance is required on an individual processing tool. Variances in the process of the processing tool is monitored and compared against known process results and changes to the process or scheduled repairs to the processing tool is predicted.

Referring now to FIG. 27, there is shown a substrate processing system 3010 in accordance with yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention. The system 3010 in FIG. 27 is generally similar to processing systems and tools 10, 10′, 18, 18A, 18B, 601 described before and shown in the drawings, except as otherwise noted below. Similar features are similarly numbered. System 3010 generally includes substrate processing tool 3014 and in this embodiment tool interfaces 3012 and 3016. As in the previous exemplary embodiments, tool 3018 has a controlled atmosphere and is isolated from the outside atmosphere. The tool interfaces 3012, 3016 generally provide an interface between the tool 3014 and other cooperative systems in the fab. For example, tool interface 3012 may be an EFEM suitably configured for interaction with a fab mass substrate transport system 3001, such as automated guided vehicles, or other desired automated material handling system. The EFEM 3012 may be able to allow or provide for loading and offloading of substrates between the mass transport system 3001 and EFEM, and hold unprocessed substrates for entry (in the direction indicated by arrow 3000S) into the processing tool 3018. The EFEM 3012 may also be capable of receiving from the processing tool 3018 (in the direction indicated by arrow 3000P), processed substrates for return transfer to the fab transport system 3001. As noted before, in this embodiment system 3010 has another tool interface 3016, such as an environmental second end module (ESEM), at the opposite end of the tool 3018 from EFEM 3012. ESEM 3016, in this embodiment, is substantially similar to EFEM 3012, capable for example of receiving processed substrates from the tool 3018 (in the direction indicated by arrow 3000P in FIG. 27) and able to facilitate subsequent transfer of the substrates to an adjoining portion of fab transport system 3001. If desired, ESEM 3016 may also be used to feed unprocessed substrates to tool 3018. In alternate embodiments, the processing system may have a tool interface at but one of the tool ends. In that case, unprocessed substrates would be input, and processed substrates would be output, throughout the one end of the process tool where the tool interface is located. In other alternate embodiments, the tool may interface or be otherwise connected directly to another tool or to a transport chamber having a controlled atmosphere (such as in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 7A for transport. chambers, 602-626). Still referring to FIG. 27, tool 3018 generally comprises a substrate transport chamber 3014 and process modules 3020, 3020A. As noted before, chamber 3014 may have a controlled atmosphere such as a vacuum or inert gas and may be isolated from the outside atmosphere. Transport chamber 3014 may have different sections 3014A, 3014B, 3014C, capable of being isolated from each other such that each section may be capable of holding a different controlled atmosphere (e.g. vacuum, near high vacuum, high vacuum). As seen in FIG. 27, the transport chamber 3014 has a generally linear shape. The process modules 3020, 3020A are mounted in this embodiment to the lateral sides of the transport chamber 3014. The process modules 3020, 3020A may be similar or different from each other. For example, the processing tool 3018 may have one or more load lock chamber modules 3020A (in the embodiment shown in FIG. 27 there are four load lock chamber modules 3020A, two of which communicate with each tool interface 3012, 3016) as desired to allow transfer of substrates into and out of the tool (in the direction indicated by arrows 3000 I/O) without affecting the controlled atmosphere in the tool. The other process modules may be configured to perform desired processing on substrates in the tool, such as dielectric or metal deposition, etching, ion implantation, rapid thermal processing, chemical or mechanical polishing, metrology and others. The process modules, are connected to the sides of the transport chamber 3018 to form a seal with the chamber and maintain the controlled atmosphere in the chamber. The process modules 3020 may be arranged in any desired order along the chamber 3014, such as for example to provide a desired serial processing sequence when substrates progress through the tool in direction 3000S. As will be described further below, tool 3018 does not limit the process sequence, to which substrates are subjected, to merely the serial order of the process modules arrangement on the tool, but rather allows selectability of the process steps. In alternate embodiments, the process modules of the tool 3018 may each provide substantially the same process. As seen in FIG. 27, the tool 3018 has at least one transport vehicle

or cart 3229 located in chamber 3014, and capable of holding one or more substrates thereon. The cart 3229 is capable of linear traverse inside the chamber 3014 (in the direction indicated by arrow 3000X). The cart 3229, as will be described below, may also have a suitable operable substrate transfer device 3160 for transferring substrates between the cart, inside the transport chamber 3014, and the process modules 3020, 3020A (in the direction indicated by arrow 3000Y in FIG. 27). The cart 3229 in this embodiment is passive, without motors or powered systems. The transport chamber 3014 includes a drive system 3400 that interfaces with the cart to move the cart within the chamber (direction 3000X) and effect operation of the cart substrate transfer device 3160 to transfer substrates (indicated by direction 3000Y). The transport chamber 3014 may also include a position feed back system 3336 for identifying the position of the cart 3229 and substrate. The drive system 3400 and position feed back system 3336 are operated by the CPU to move the cart and transfer substrates in order to select any desired process sequence for the substrates processed by the tool. As seen in FIG. 27 the transport chamber 3014 is formed by modules 3016, 3016A, 3016B, 3016C that are abutted to each other. As will be described below, each module 3016, 3016A, 3016B, 3016C is a self contained unit with integral drive system and, position feed back system portion to allow each module to operate as an individual transport chamber, and to allow integration of any desired number of modules to form the transport chamber 304 of desired length.

The transport chamber modules 3016, 3016A, 3016B, 3016C forming the transport chamber 3014 are generally similar to each, other. The transport chamber modules 3016, 3016A, 3016B, 3016C may have different lengths, and different numbers of connections for connection of any desired number of process chamber modules to each transport chamber module. Though in the embodiment shown in FIG. 27, each transport chamber module is capable of having a process chamber module 3020, 3020A connected to each side of the transport chamber module, in alternate embodiments transport chamber modules may be configured to interface with multiple process chamber modules similar to modules 3020. The transport chamber modules 3016, 3016A, 3016B, 3016C are interchangeable so that the chamber modules may be joined together in any desired sequence to form the transport chamber. FIGS. 28 and 29 are cross sectional views of an exemplary transport chamber module 3016 (FIG. 29 further shows portions in phantom of adjacent transport chamber modules 3016, 3016A when abutted/mated to the chamber module 3016). As noted before, the transport chamber modules 3016, 3016A, 3016B, 3016C are substantially similar. Chamber module 3016 has a frame 3016F, which may be of any suitable shape and made of any suitable material. The frame 3016F may have removable panels or sections, such as for example removable top panel 3016T. The removable panel 3016T is mounted to the rest of the module frame 3016F to allow removal from the module when the module is connected to other modules forming the chamber. This allows access to components/cart inside the module without removal of the entire module from the chamber. Access panel 3016T may be sufficiently large to allow insertion/removal of the cart 3229 through the resultant opening 30160 in the chamber module frame. A seal 30168 is provided at the interface of the panel 3016T and frame to prevent compromise of the controlled atmosphere in the transport chamber 3014. As seen in FIG. 28, the frame has ports 3016P formed therein for communication with the process chamber modules 3020. As may be realized, the ports 3016P are sized and shaped to allow the substrate transfer device 33060 with the substrate S thereon to pass through the port into the process module. The ports 3016P may be closable by suitable valves or doors that may be integrated into the transport chamber module frame 3016F, or may be mounted on the process module. As seen in FIG. 29, the frame 3016F has suitable interface features 3016I at the opposite longitudinal ends for sealably mating the module 3016 to adjoining modules 3016A, 3016. The interfaces 3016I may be of any suitable type. By way of example, the interfaces 3016I may have suitable seating features complementing mating facets of the adjoining module interface to allow proper abutment of the adjoining modules. Fasteners, such as mechanical fasteners, or other suitable clamping or retention features may be included to capture the modules to each other. The interfaces 3016I₁, 3016I₂ may include polarization facets to establish a desired orientation of the chamber modules 3016, 3016A when being joined (and preventing abutment and connection therebetween when the module is not in the desired orientation) the interface features 3016I₁, 3016I₂ are common to each module allowing the modules to be interchangeable as noted before. The frame 3016F, in this embodiment defines a chamber space sufficient for cart 3229. Minimum clearances may be provided around the cart to allow free movement of the cart through the module. The end openings 3016R in the module frame are sized to allow the cart 3229 (holding a desired number of substrates S) to pass through the opening, and traverse between modules 3016, 3016A. The end openings 3016R may be closed by doors 3016D. The doors 3016D may be integral with the module frame, or may be installed as an additional modular portion between chamber modules when the chamber modules are joined together.

As seen in FIGS. 27-28, the module has support or guide rails 3040 for cooperating with slides 3240 on the cart, movably support the cart 3229 in the chamber. In this embodiment, the rails 3040 are located on the bottom of the module (under the cart), though in alternate embodiments the rails may be attached to any desired portion of the chamber module frame. In this embodiment, two rails 3040 are shown, but more or fewer rails may be used. The rails 3040 are shown as extending continuously through the module. The rails 3040 terminate at a distance 3040D from the interfacing face of the module 3016 sized so that, when the cart passes between modules 3016, 3016A, the slides 3240 on the cart may traverse the distance 3040D (in each module) and commence riding on the rail of the adjacent module 3016, 3016A without disturbance to the stable attitude of the cart. Conversely, as may be realized the slides 3240 of the cart 3229 are sized to continue to provide stable support to the cart when the cart passes between modules 3016, 3016A and the slides 3240 traverse from the rails 3040 in one module 3016, 3016A to the adjoining rail segments in the adjoining module.

Still referring to FIGS. 27-28, the module 3016 has an integral portion of the cart drive system 3400. In this embodiment, the system is a linear electrical motor, though in alternate embodiments any suitable type of electric or mechanical drive system may be used such as a cable drive. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 28-29, the drive system is a coreless linear drive system, such as coreless linear motors available from Tecnotion or Anorad. In FIG. 29, the drive system portion integral to the transport chamber module 3016 is shown as having three sets of windings 3402, 3402A, 3402B, 3404, 3404A, 3404B on each side of the module. As seen in FIG. 28 each set of windings 3402, 3404 cooperates with a corresponding platen 3168, 3172 on the cart 3229. The windings 3402, 3404 may be of any desired length, including commercially available standard lengths. In alternate embodiments, any desired number of windings may be used to drive the cart platens on each side of the chamber. As seen in FIG. 28, the coreless motor windings 3402, 3404 project into the chamber to interface with the platen 3168, 3172 of the cart. In alternate embodiments, the linear motor may be an iron core linear motor similar to the motor 400 described before and shown in FIGS. 11A-11B. In that case, the motor windings may be isolated from the chamber by interior frame portions similar to portions 414 in FIGS. 11A-11B. The windings 340L, 340SA, 3402B, and 3404, 3404A, 3404B on each side of the module are arranged respectively along a single axis, thereby providing one drive axis on each side. In alternate embodiments, windings may be positioned to provide multiple drive axes on each side. In other embodiments, for example as in the case where iron core linear motor windings are used, the windings may be arranged to provide drive axes in both X and Z directions (i.e. both linear along the chamber, as well as vertical drive axes, for shunting the cart between longitudinal drive axes, similar to the winding arrangement described before and shown in FIGS. 13B-13C). Windings 3402-3402B, and 3404-3404B, along each drive axis, are also sized and positioned relative to the module interface 3016I₁, 3016I₂, to maintain, in cooperation with the next most proximate windings 3400B in the abutting module 3016, a continuous propulsive force on the platens traversing the interface region of the abutting modules, enabling the cart to traverse from one module 3016, 3016A to the other. A control system 3790, controlled by the CPU is provided to control operation of the windings. Though in FIG. 29, only one set of drive axis windings 3402-3402B of the module 3016, is shown as being connected to the control 3790, both sets of windings are controlled in a similar manner. The winding control system 3790 is generally similar to winding control system 790, described before and shown in FIG. 13D. The winding control or drive system 3790, may generally have a multiplexer 3793 and amplifier modules 3794. The amplifier modules 3794 may be connected via multiplexer 3793 to drive windings 3402, 3402A, 3402B along each drive axis in the desired sequence for moving the cart platens. The sequencing and connection of the amplifiers to the windings is controlled by the CPU. The CPU may communicate with the position feed back system 3336 of the module, as will be described further below, to determine the amplifier connection and drive sequence of the windings. The winding control system 3790 may be a discrete system dedicated to the module 3016. For example, the control system 3790 may be carried, mounted or otherwise incorporated with the module 3016 (the control system 3790 need not be positioned on the module frame, and may be enclosed in a separate housing (not shown) if desired). The control system 3790 may communicate with the windings 3402, 3402A, 3402B through suitable communication lines penetrating through the chamber when using suitable feed through. In FIG. 29, dedicated communication lines are shown individually passing through the charger walls, for example purposes, and the communication lines may be consolidated to allow a minimum number of feed through penetrations in the chamber walls. The control system 3790 may include a suitable coupling 3790C, allowing the control system 3790 to be connected to the CPU upon assembly of the tool. As seen in FIG. 29, the module 3016 may have another wiring 3401C (for example mounted or situated on a side of the module) for coupling the communication lines of the windings to the control system 3790. Coupling 3401C may also allow the windings to be connected to a central winding control system of the process tool in a case where a dedicated module winding control system is not desired.

Referring now to FIG. 30, here is shown a bottom view of the cart 3229. The cart may have any suitable configuration. In this embodiment, the cart is substantially similar to cart 229 described before and shown in FIG. 12-12B. As noted before cart 3229 has two platens 3168, 3172. Platens 3168, 3172 have permanent magnets or magnetic material, and are configured for operation with the coreless linear windings 3402, 3404 as shown in FIG. 28. Platen 3168 in this embodiment is fixedly mounted to the cart frame 3156. Platen 3172 is movably secured, such as by keyed slides 3156S, to the frame 3156 of the cart. Platen 372 is thus capable of limited movement relative to the cart frame 3156 (in the direction indicated by arrow 3229X shown in FIG. 30). Fore and aft stops limit the motion of platen 3172 relative to the frame. Similar to platen 172 of cart 229, described before, the additional mobility of the platen 317L relative to cart 3229, provide the cart with a further degree of freedom that is converted to operate the substrate transfer device 3160 in order to extend and retract. Substrate transfer device 3160 is substantially similar to the telescoping sections 158, 160 of cart 229 (see FIGS. 12A, 12B). Hence, transfer device 3160 may include any suitable number of telescoping sections, terminating with an end effector, similar to end effector 158 described before. The transfer device 160 may be connected by a suitable transmission system, similar to the system of cart 229, to the movable platen 3172 to convert the relative movement of the platen to movement of the transfer device 3160 (and hence movement of the substrate in the direction indicated by arrows 3000Y1, 3000Y2 in FIG. 28) (Z axis) may be generated by deenergizing/energizing the windings 3402, 3404 and raising/lowering the cart to pick/place the substrate S. In alternate embodiments, the substrate transfer device of the cart may be of any suitable type such as for example a scara type arm, having one or more articulated sections. Further independent degrees of freedom, for independent motion of various transfer device sections may be provided by adding additional platens to the cart that are mounted to be independently movable relative to the cart similar to platen 3172. In alternate embodiments, the cart may be similar to cart 1558, described before and illustrated in FIGS. 22-23, or may be similar to carts 1558′ and 1558″ shown respectively in FIGS. 24, 24A-24C and FIGS. 25, 25A-25C.

Referring now again to FIGS. 28-29, as noted before, the transport module chamber 3016 also has an integral position feed back system 3336 for determining and controlling the position of the platens/cart in the module. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 28-29, position feed back system 3336S may be capable of fine precision determination, such as having a positioning resolution and accurately in the range of about 1-5 μm. The module 3016 may have another position feed back system 3340 capable of gross or rough position determination, such as having a positioning resolution and accuracy of about 10-20 μm. The fine position determination system 3336 may be a linear electric encoder system. Suitable linear encoder systems are available from Netzer Precision Motion Sensors, Ltd., or from Farrand Corp. In alternate embodiments, the module may have any other suitable type of position determination system capable of fine precision determination, such as electro-optical encoders, or magneto-restrictive type Hau effect sensing system. In this embodiment, the fine positioning system 3336 may include a linear scale 3336S. The linear scale 3336S is mounted to the bottom surface of the module frame 3016F to interact with passive sensor registration features N1-N4 (see FIG. 30) on the cart 3229. In alternate embodiments, the scale may be positioned on any other portion of the module placing the scale in a suitable position for sensing the registration features on the cart. The scale 3336S, which is illustrated schematically in FIGS. 28-29 is an electrically active element, excited from a suitable AC source (not shown) via suitable communication line 3336C. For example, the scale may include one or more printed circuit, strips on which periodic pattern field transmitter is printed. In this embodiment, the scale 3336S may also include a receiver capable of sensing changes in the fields of the transmitter as the registration features on the cart 3229 move along the scale. In this embodiment, the scale may extend continuously between the module interfaces 3016I₁, 3016I₂ at the opposite ends of the chamber module. In alternate embodiments, the scale may extend only partially in the module, in the areas of the module where fine position determination is desired. In this embodiment, the scale 3336S may include multiple sensing tracks 3336S1-3336S5, each being capable of sensing the position of a corresponding sensor registration features N1-N5 on the cart 3229. As seen in FIG. 30, cart 3229 may have multiple sensor registration features N1-N5. As noted before, the sensor registration features N1-N5, in this embodiment are passive (i.e. not powered) and, may include magnets or magnetic material. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 30, the cart 3229 may have five sensor registration features N1-N5 to enable positioning of the cart 3229 as well as the movable platen. Two of the features, such as N4, N3 on the right and N1, N2 on the left, may be, used for registration and positioning respectively of the right and left sides of the cart. Feature N5 in this embodiment is used for registration of the movable platen position. As seen in FIGS. 28 and 30, the registration features N1-N4, which in this case are positioned on the bottom of the cart in sufficient proximity to interact with the rails 3336S1-3336S4, are offset laterally to substantially align with the corresponding sensing track 3336S1-3336S4 of scale 3336S (see also FIG. 29). Also, the registration features N3-N4, and N1-N2, used respectively for position determination of the right and left sides of the cart 3229, are offset at a longitudinal pitch 3000A sufficient for continuous position determination of the cart when the cart traverses between modules 3016, 3016A. For example, during passage from one module to the next, the offset 3000A allows the rear most registration features N2, N4 to maintain interaction with the corresponding tracks 3336S2, 3336S4 of the module the cart is, leaving until after the lead most registration, features N1, N3 have commenced interaction (i.e. position determination has commenced) with the corresponding sensing tracks (similar to tracks 3336S1, 3336S3) of the module the cart is entering. Hence, positioning of the cart 3229 is continuously established throughout the cart traverse motion within chamber 3014 (see FIG. 27). Registration feature N5 on platen 3172, allows, in cooperation with track 3336S5, for position determination of the platen 3172 in a manner similar to that described above. A comparison of the position signals registered for features N1-N4 and N5 (performed for example by the CPU) allows for determination of the relative position of the movable platen 3172. The relative position information may then be used for controlling activation of the substrate transfer device 3160 of the cart. In alternate embodiment, the cart may have any other suitable arrangement of registration features, and may have more or fewer registration features, such as one registration feature for position determination of each side of the cart. In alternate embodiments, position determination may be achieved by a combination of rough position determination, using cross positioning system 3340, and fine position determination with precision positioning system 3336. For example, gross positioning system 3340 (which may be any suitable position determination system such as Hall effects type position sensing system or an electro-optic encoder system, and may be less expensive to install throughout the module chamber) may be used during general traverse motion of the cart 3229 through the chamber module 3016, and also for positioning when the cart moves from one module to another. The precision positioning system 3336 may then be used in a more limited fashion, such as in cases where greater position determination accuracy is desired. For example, it is desired to precisely determine the position of the cart 3229, as well as, platen 3172, when transferring substrates to the process modules 3020, 3020A. Accordingly, in the case installation of the active scale 33368 may be sized to generally coincide with the region where ports 3016P (see FIG. 27), communicating with the process modules 3020, are located. Also, a single registration feature per side, and another registration feature for the movable platen 3172 may be sufficient for fine position determination of the cart 3229, and of the platen 3172 to enable accurate movement of the substrate transfer device 3160. As may be realized from FIG. 29, signals from the gross and fine position determination systems 3340, 3386 are communicated via suitable lines 3336C, or via wireless means, for processing by the CPU, which in turn uses the position information for controlling the windings through windings control system 3790 (see FIG. 29). Though communication lines 3336C have one or more couplings (similar to coupling 3790C) for coupling to an off module CPU, the positioning systems 3340, 3336 of the module are also capable of communicating directly with processors of the dedicated winding control system, so that the chamber module 3016, may autonomously, relative, to the overall tool control architecture, control operation of the windings to effect desired movement of the cart 32229 and transfer device thereon.

As may be realized, each transport chamber module 3016, 3016A includes systems as described above, enabling the module to form a complete transport chamber for a processing tool. For example, the tool 3018 may be configured to have a transport chamber 3014 of but one module, selected form the different but interchangeable module 3016, 3016A, 3016B, 3016C, in a configuration similar to tool 18 shown in FIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 27, the modules 3016, 3016Aj 3016B, 3016C may otherwise be joined, in any selected order, by abutting the common interfaces of the modules to form a transport chamber 3014, and tool 3018 of desired configuration. The autonomous overability of each module 3016, 3016A, 3016B, 3016C allows assembly of the tool to be effected as easily as completion of the mechanical connection at the module interfaces.

It should be understood that the foregoing description is only illustrative of the invention. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances which fall within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A substrate processing apparatus comprising: a transport chamber having an end and defining more than one substantially linear substrate transport zone where each transport zone extends longitudinally along the transport chamber between opposing walls of the transport chamber and at least one of the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zones is configured as a supply zone for enabling transport of substrates from the end and at least one of the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zones is configured as a return zone for enabling transport of substrates to the end; and at least one substrate transport located in and movably mounted to the transport chamber for transporting substrates along the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zone, where each substrate transport zone is configured to allow the at least one substrate transport to move from one transport zone to another transport zone wherein the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zones are stacked one above the other.
 2. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a generally linear array of substrate holding modules arranged longitudinally along the transport chamber, where each substrate holding module is communicably connected to the transport chamber to allow passage of a substrate between the transport chamber and the holding module; wherein at least one of the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zones is configured as a transfer zone for enabling transfer of substrates between the at least one substrate transport and each of the substrate holding modules.
 3. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zones share a common environment within the transport chamber.
 4. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the transport zones includes an independently operable solid state motor forcer component and each of the at least one substrate transport includes a driven component configured to interact with the motor forcer component for driving the at least one substrate transport along a respective transport zone.
 5. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 4, wherein the motor forcer component includes windings that have at least one of a one dimensional driving array and a two dimensional driving array.
 6. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a controller configured to generate substantially real-time routing paths of the at least one substrate transport through the more than one substantially linear substrate transport zone based on at least a status of each substrate transport zone.
 7. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an alignment device connected to the transfer chamber, wherein the at least one substrate transport includes a substrate holding chuck releasably mounted to the at least one substrate transport, where the substrate holding chuck is configured to be removed from the at least one substrate transport for placement on the alignment device for rotationally aligning a substrate thereon and the at least one substrate transport is configured to transport the chuck through the transport chamber.
 8. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 7, wherein the at least one substrate transport further includes a base member and a transfer arm rotatably mounted to the base member where the substrate holding chuck is releasably mounted to the transfer arm.
 9. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transport chamber comprises at least one transport chamber module that is connectable to other transport chamber modules for forming a longitudinally extended linear substrate transport chamber.
 10. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 9, wherein at least one transport chamber module includes a removable access panel, where when the panel is removed access is provided to an internal area of the at least one transport chamber. 